Developed through a collaboration between Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Bosch Engineering Center Cluj, the paper presents a holistic and practical framework for evaluating V2X-enabled battery operation in real-world conditions. As electric vehicles become increasingly integrated with the energy system, understanding the interaction between mobility demands, charging behavior, battery constraints, and bidirectional energy exchange is essential for maximizing both vehicle performance and grid benefits.

The research addresses a key gap in current V2X studies, which often treat EV batteries as idealized energy storage systems without fully considering battery and BMS operational limitations. The authors introduce a unified methodology that combines driving patterns, AC/DC charging strategies, and bidirectional V2X services within realistic daily operating scenarios for both passenger electric vehicles and electric light commercial vehicles (eLCVs).

The results demonstrate the significant potential of V2X technologies to create economic value while supporting grid flexibility and energy efficiency. The study shows that intelligent V2X operation can provide substantial financial benefits through avoided electricity costs while enabling EVs to contribute to grid support services. At the same time, the analysis highlights the importance of accounting for battery usage, cycling, temperature effects, and vehicle operational profiles to ensure sustainable and efficient implementation.

These findings directly support the objectives of the InnoBMS project by identifying the key functionalities required for future V2X-enabled Battery Management Systems. The work contributes to the development of next-generation BMS solutions capable of balancing battery health, vehicle availability, user requirements, and energy system needs, helping pave the way for smarter and more sustainable electric mobility.

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